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The German-language production was directed by Thomas Ostermeier Louis, who was already a big fan of Ostermeier, co-wrote the adaptation with the director and Florian Borchmeyer and was closely involved in the staging of the play. Adaptations Ī stage adaptation of History of Violence premiered in November, 2019, at St. This translation was published in hardcover by Macmillan in June, 2018, and in the United Kingdom in 2019 by Harvill Secker. History of Violence has been translated into English by Lorin Stein. On a visit home, he overhears his sister and her husband discussing the details of the assault in detail. Édouard subsequently reports the crime to the police, which causes him more trauma. The encounter culminates in a violent rape and robbery. The narrator, Édouard, recounts a sexual encounter in Paris on Christmas Eve. Told in first-person narration, the novel presents its events in a nonlinear format.

In other words, Stonehenge was more than a temple, it was an astronomical calculator.The novel is based on a real incident that occurred on Christmas Eve, 2012. Left image: It is believed that Stonehenge in Great Britain is not merely aligned with solar and lunar astronomical events, but was used to predict other events such as eclipses. So, it no longer was a mythical object in the sky, but became for the first time, a physical object we could study. By the time of Galileo's invention of the telescope in 1609 and going into the 17th and 18th hundreds, there were a lot of studies of the sun as an object. Once we developed telescopes and the ability to look at the sun as an object, up close and in detail, we learned even more things about the corona of the sun, the prominences, and sun spots. Understanding the sun, its motion and its properties is something that been a cumulative process over human history. When people learned to predict when these would happen, those individuals became very powerful, becoming shamans or early scientists. Just as the presence of the sun gives us light, the absence of the sun in broad daylight or during the middle of the day is something that has terrified humans down through the ages. Rudimentary methods were made for predicting when eclipses would happen. It's only been fairly recently, in the last few thousand years, that we learned about eclipses of the sun depending on the motion of the moon. It was primarily an astronomical observatory to indicate the date of the two equinoxes and other significant celestial periods. Right image: Machu Picchu is a city located high in the Andes Mountains in modern Peru. In some grisly situations, there were sacrifices, and not always pigs and dogs and other animals, but human sacrifices as well. Beyond that most civilizations had some sort of mythology about the sun whether it was a deity of some sort or a super-natural force that had to be respected. Historically, humans were thought to be the center of everything and the acts that were performed made them responsible for keeping everything going in this eternal cycle through the seasons and through the years.

They also learned that the equinoxes meant a change over to spring or fall would soon occur. When it is low in the sky, it is winter and it is cold. When it is high up in the sky, it is summer and it is warm. Early civilizations learned about seasonal changes in the sky very early on. The Pyramid of Kukúlcan marks the two equinoxes where a snake appears to crawl down the temple.įor most of human history the sun has been an object of mystery, of reverence and sometimes, of fear. Left image: The Mayan culture in Mexico focused on astronomical almanacs that rigidly controlled behavior and religious ceremony. It also provides all of our light and heat, which gives us the wonderful climates that we have around the world." "Obviously, we're really curious about it. Sten Odenwald, an astronomer at Goddard Space Flight Center, tells us that we study the sun because it's the brightest thing in our universe. Mankind, throughout the centuries, has tried to understand this "ball of fire" in the sky. Amazing, magnetic, frightening, powerful, beautiful, and spectacular are just a few words that describe the star that nourishes our planet.